TY - JOUR AU - McNutt, Ellison J. AU - Claxton, Alexander G. AU - Carlson, Kristian J. PY - 2017/11/29 Y2 - 2024/03/29 TI - Revisiting the peroneal trochlea of the StW 352 calcaneus JF - South African Journal of Science JA - S. Afr. J. Sci. VL - 113 IS - 11/12 SE - Research Letter DO - 10.17159/sajs.2017/20170306 UR - https://sajs.co.za/article/view/3885 SP - 5 AB - <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-above"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>StW 352, from Sterkfontein Member 4 (South Africa), is a partial calcaneus attributed to&nbsp;<em>Australopithecus africanus&nbsp;</em>and is dated to ~2.0–2.6 Ma. The unusual robusticity of the peroneal trochlea (PT) of StW 352 has been commented on by several authors. The size of hominin PTs has been hypothesised to be positively correlated with the degree of recruitment of peroneus longus during bipedal locomotion and/ or climbing. Given the potential functional relevance of an enlarged PT for reconstructing hominin activity patterns, we present the following previously unrecognised structural details of the reconstructed StW 352 that affect current interpretations of its functional morphology: (1) we estimate that the PT has been reattached to the body of the calcaneus ~5 mm dorso-distally from its original anatomical position; and (2) the presence of intrusive matrix has artificially misshaped the PT by expanding it laterally and proximodistally. Future studies of this specimen that apply geometric morphometrics, or other shape analysis tools, should compensate for these inaccuracies before undertaking comparisons between it and other calcanei. Additionally, given that the PT is likely smaller than previously reported for StW 352, caution should be exercised when using it to infer muscle function and extrapolate activity patterns of this individual, and thus by extension, within&nbsp;<em>Australopithecus africanus&nbsp;</em>in general. Lastly, these findings highlight the importance of not only the production of accurate reconstructions, but also the critical evaluation of the accuracy of existing reconstructions when working with damaged fossil material.</p></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-significance field-type-text-with-summary field-label-above"><div class="field-label"><strong>Significance:&nbsp;</strong></div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><ul><li>This work epitomises the value of critically evaluating original fossil reconstructions, especially of postcranial elements.</li><li>New technologies (e.g. microCT) offer non-destructive opportunities for evaluating/improving the accuracy of fossil reconstructions.</li><li>Re-assessing StW 352 suggests peroneal muscles may have factored less prominently in A. africanus locomotion than previously thought.</li></ul></div></div></div> ER -